The Tuyugou Grottoes, located in Shanshan County, Turpan City, Xinjiang, are one of the earliest, largest, and longest-standing Buddhist cave temple complexes along the Silk Road, dating back over 1,700 years. There are 94 numbered caves remaining, 46 of which have murals, though only eight have survived in good condition. Construction began during the Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms period, with a peak in construction around the 5th century. During the Tang Dynasty's Xizhou and Uighur Gaochang periods, the site underwent repeated expansion and renovation, resulting in nine areas in the east and west of the gully, encompassing a grand complex of caves and ground-level temples.
The caves offer a wide range of types, including central pillar caves, pagoda-temple caves, Buddha hall caves, monk's quarters caves, meditation caves, and storage caves, allowing for the restoration of the complete functions of Gaochang Buddhist temples. Nearly 10,000 multilingual documents, including the Chinese Lotus Sutra and the Vajra Sutra, a Uighur manuscript of the Beidou Faith, Buddhist scriptures in Sanskrit, Sogdian, and ancient Tibetan, and secular account books, provide primary material for the study of the diverse religions, monastic economy, and ethnic integration along the Silk Road.
Manichaeism Relics: The first Manichaeism document was discovered in Cave 66 in the Western Zone, filling a gap in the archaeological record of Manichaeism in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains.
Latest Discovery (2024): A large official temple from the Gaochang Uighur period was uncovered in the southern part of the Eastern Zone, revealing gold-bronze Buddha statues, painted Buddhist scriptures, and 15 monks' quarters. This confirms for the first time that the caves were directly managed by the royal family.
Address: Maza Village, Tuyugou Township, Shanshan County, Turpan City
Opening Hours: May–October, 9:30 AM–6:00 PM (Closed Mondays for maintenance)
Reservations: Free, book with real name through the "Tuyugou Grottoes" app; ID verification required on-site