Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village Ruins: A Complete Guide to the History, Culture, and In-Depth Exploration of the Ancient Tea Horse Road
Opening: A Thousand-Year-Old Fishing Village on the Eastern Shore of Erhai Lake, Hidden in the Gentlest Waterway Memories of the Ancient Tea Horse Road
Located between Yuji Island and Dajianpang Peninsula on the eastern shore of Erhai Lake in Dali, lies the Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village Site, a village embraced by Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake, and nourished by the ancient Tea Horse Road. Located in Shuanglang Town, Dali City, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, it is bordered by the vast expanse of Erhai Lake to the west, the foothills of Jizu Mountain to the east, Wase to the north, and Wase and Haidong to the south. It is a core waterway station on the main route of the Yunnan-Tibet section of the Ancient Tea Horse Road, specifically the "Dali-Lijiang-Shangri-La" section. It is also the most complete and authentic ancient fishing village site complex preserving the tea horse culture, Bai ethnic fishing and farming culture, and multi-ethnic waterway culture of western Yunnan. Here, there is no excessive commercial hustle and bustle, only ancient cobblestone paths polished by horses' hooves and oars, clusters of Bai ethnic minority "three courtyards and one screen wall" ancient dwellings, centuries-old inn and dock ruins, the imprints of multi-ethnic waterway trade, and the Bai people's fishing and farming customs and caravan waterway culture that continue to this day.
The Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village Ruins are not an isolated village, but a complete cultural system composed of six core sections: the main waterway and land route of the Ancient Tea Horse Road, a cluster of Bai ancient fishing villages, caravan inn ruins, dock ruins, trade and commercial sites, and fishing and farming cultural sites. The core protected area covers 1.8 square kilometers, connecting Erhai Lake, Dali Ancient City, Xizhou, Zhoucheng, Shaxi, and other core cultural and natural landscapes in western Yunnan. For in-depth travelers, this is an excellent place to touch the original veins of the ancient waterway and land route of the Ancient Tea Horse Road in western Yunnan, immerse oneself in the dual culture of Bai fishing and farming and caravan trade, explore the essence of waterway trade, and feel the harmonious coexistence of multiple ethnic groups. This in-depth guide of over 10,000 words will take you on a comprehensive journey to unlock the historical context, cultural heritage, and travel details of the Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village Ruins, helping you understand this land "with Cangshan Mountain as its backdrop, Erhai Lake as its vein, ancient roads as its bones, and fishing and farming as its soul," and providing you with a journey through a thousand years of Yunnan's waterway and fishing traditions.
I. Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village Ruins: The Core of the Waterway on the Ancient Tea Horse Road in Western Yunnan and the Roots of Bai People's Fishing and Farming Culture
1.1 Geographical Location and Ancient Road Positioning
The Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village Ruins are located in Shuanglang Town, Dali City, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Situated in the core area of the eastern shore of Erhai Lake in western Yunnan, it is a water and land transportation hub connecting Dali Ancient City, Xizhou, Lijiang, Shangri-La, and Jizu Mountain. It is also a core post station where the waterways of the Yunnan-Tibet, Yunnan-Sichuan, and Yunnan-Myanmar sections of the Ancient Tea Horse Road converge, and a triple core node of "tea-horse trade + fishing-farming commerce + waterway transportation" in western Yunnan.
Geographically, Shuanglang boasts a natural advantage of being nestled between two islands and a bay—Yuji Island and Dajianpang Peninsula stand facing each other to the north and south, forming a natural, sheltered harbor. A tributary of Erhai Lake flows through the village, creating a natural landscape characterized by "mountains as a screen, the sea as a vein, the bay as a harbor, the village as a core, roads as bones, and fishing as the soul." The village is built along the sea and distributed along the roads, serving as both a waterway station on the Ancient Tea Horse Road (where caravans traveled by land and goods by water) and the core birthplace of Bai ethnic fishing and farming culture. It possesses six core functions: water and land trade, transportation, residence, fishing and farming, religion, and tourism. It is a unique ancient fishing village site on the Ancient Tea Horse Road that symbiotically integrates "Bai ethnic waterway station - fishing and farming - trade." This ancient road connects Lijiang and Shangri-La to the north (land route), Dali Ancient City and Baoshan to the south (land and water route), Xizhou and Zhoucheng to the west (water route), and Jizu Mountain and Sichuan to the east (land route). It was a vital route for the combined land and water transport of tea, salt, silk, seafood, furs, and medicinal herbs in western Yunnan, and a core area for the deep integration of Bai ethnic fishing and farming culture with the Tea Horse Road's waterway culture.
1.2 Historical Evolution: From Nanzhao Fishing Village to a Pearl of the Tea Horse Road: A Living Archive of a Thousand-Year-Old Waterway
The history of the Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village site can be traced back to the Nanzhao period. It has undergone a process of emergence in the Tang and Song dynasties, formation in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, flourishing in the Qing dynasty, decline in modern times, and revitalization in the present day. It has always been a core waterway station on the Tea Horse Road in western Yunnan. Its rise and fall are closely linked to the tea-horse trade by land and water, Bai ethnic fishing and farming culture, and the integration of multiple ethnic groups along the waterways. It is a condensed history of the Tea Horse Road's land and water routes and the Bai ethnic fishing and farming culture in western Yunnan.
Nanzhao Period: The Emergence of Fishing Villages and Early Water Stations (738-902 AD) During the Nanzhao Kingdom period, Shuanglang was already a fishing and farming settlement of the Bai people's ancestors, the "He Man," known as "Shuanglang Village." Located on the eastern shore of Erhai Lake, a natural harbor, it became the official fishing village and waterway station of the Nanzhao Kingdom, specifically providing fish to the Nanzhao royal family and army, and undertaking waterway transportation on Erhai Lake. At this time, early "salt and tea trade" had emerged in western Yunnan, and private caravans began to establish combined land and water transport routes between Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake—caravans traveled overland over Cangshan Mountain, while boats traversed Erhai Lake by water. Shuanglang, with its natural harbor and advantages in fishing and farming, became an early rest stop and transit point for these land and water caravans. The village primarily consisted of traditional Bai-style earthen houses and log cabins, serving mainly for fishing, farming, residence, and waterway transportation. The ancient land routes were primarily dirt and gravel roads, while the waterway wharves were simple stone-built structures. Caravans and boat groups were relatively small-scale, and trade activities mainly involved exchanging fish for salt and tea, marking the rudimentary stage of Shuanglang's ancient fishing village.
Song and Yuan Dynasties: The Emergence of Water Stations and the Formation of the Village (960-1368) During the Song Dynasty, trade between the Dali Kingdom and Tibet, as well as the Central Plains, gradually increased. The tea-horse trade, combining land and water transport, began to emerge in western Yunnan. Shuanglang's water station function and fishing industry developed accordingly, with fish and Erhai Lake specialties becoming important commodities in the tea-horse trade. During the Yuan Dynasty, after Kublai Khan's southern expedition against Dali, he strengthened control over western Yunnan, repairing ancient land routes, expanding waterway wharves, and establishing official water stations, ushering in Shuanglang's first period of development. During this period, the village layout gradually took shape, forming a pattern of "villages along the coast, streets along the roads, fishing grounds in front, and post stations behind." Simple inns, docks, and shops began to appear, and the number of caravans and boatmen gradually increased. Goods such as tea, salt, seafood, furs, and medicinal herbs were transshipped here by land and water. Simultaneously, the Bai people's Benzhu (local chieftain) belief, Buddhism, and Taoism began to integrate and develop within the village. Religious culture began to merge with land and water trade, fishing, and farming activities, and the prototype of the Bai architectural style of "three courtyards and one screen wall" began to emerge.
Ming and Qing Dynasties: The Golden Age of Tea-Horse Trade and the Brilliance of Water Stations (1368-1912) The Ming and Qing dynasties were the golden age of the development of the Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village site, and also the peak period of the tea-horse trade and land and water transport in western Yunnan, as well as the Bai people's fishing and farming culture. During the Ming Dynasty, the central government established the "Dali Guard" in Dali to strengthen control over the tea-horse trade in western Yunnan. Shuanglang became an officially recognized core post station on the tea-horse route and a supply base for fishing and farming materials. In the Qing Dynasty, the "tea-horse trade" system was perfected, and commerce in western Yunnan flourished like never before. Shuanglang, with its natural harbor, combined water and land transport, developed fishing and farming industries, and the shrewdness of the Bai people, became one of the most prosperous water post stations on the ancient tea-horse road in western Yunnan.
During this period, Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village underwent a comprehensive expansion: wealthy Bai merchants, in conjunction with leaders of mule and boat caravans, paved all the ancient land roads within the village with bluestone slabs and expanded the official wharf, docks, and inns on Erhai Lake. The village was planned according to the principle of "fishing in front, commerce behind, streets along the coast, and villages along the roads." The area near Erhai Lake was designated as the fishing and farming area and the inn area, with docks, wharves, and fish markets lining the streets. The village interior consisted of commercial and residential areas, with clusters of Bai ethnic "three-room-one-screen-wall" ancient dwellings, and inns and shops lining both sides of the ancient roads. Simultaneously, large-scale construction of the Benzhu Temple, Buddhist temples, and Taoist palaces created a religious and cultural landscape of "three religions in one, exclusive to the inn," with religious influence radiating throughout the entire inn area.
At its peak, the bluestone-paved land roads of Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village echoed day and night with the sound of horses' hooves; the waters of Erhai Lake resounded with the sounds of oars, and hundreds of mule caravans, thousands of mules, and hundreds of merchant and fishing boats gathered here daily. Tea, salt, and silk from Yunnan; furs, medicinal herbs, and ghee from Tibet; porcelain and daily necessities from the Central Plains; and seafood and local specialties from Erhai Lake were traded here via waterways and land routes. In the villages, merchants, caravan members, boatmen, and fishermen from various ethnic groups, including Bai, Han, Tibetan, Naxi, Hui, and Yi, lived together, their diverse cultures deeply intertwined, creating a magnificent scene of "prosperous water and land trade, thriving fishing and farming, multi-ethnic coexistence, and brilliant culture." Shuanglang was not only a core waterway station on the Ancient Tea Horse Road, but also the "waterway station center, fishing and farming center, trade center, and cultural center" of western Yunnan. The Bai ethnic group's "Shuanglang Merchant Guild" and "Shuanglang Boat Guild" rose to prominence, becoming the core force in the water and land trade of the Tea Horse Road in western Yunnan.
From the Republican Era to Modern Times: The Decline of Waterways and the Perseverance of Fishing and Farming (1912-1978) In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republican era, with the construction of the Yunnan-Burma Road and the Yunnan-Tibet Road, the land route of the Ancient Tea Horse Road gradually declined, and waterway transportation on Erhai Lake also fell silent due to the rise of modern transportation. Consequently, the water and land trade functions of Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village declined. The number of caravans and boatmen decreased sharply, inns, shops, and docks closed one after another, the ancient road was gradually covered by weeds, and the docks were gradually silted up. Fortunately, the Bai ethnic group's fishing and farming culture in Shuanglang did not decline; on the contrary, due to the abundance of Erhai Lake's fish products, it became the core industry upon which the villagers depended for their livelihood. Meanwhile, due to its location on the eastern shore of Erhai Lake, far from large-scale modern development, the core remains of the Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village site, including the main waterway and land route of the Ancient Tea Horse Road, Bai ethnic minority ancient dwellings, inn ruins, dock and wharf ruins, commercial trading sites, and fishing and farming cultural sites, have remained intact. It has completely preserved the original landscape of the ancient waterway and land route during the Ancient Tea Horse Road period, becoming the most complete living site complex of the ancient Tea Horse Road and Bai ethnic fishing and farming culture in western Yunnan.
During this period, the villagers of Shuanglang Ancient Fishing Village were mainly Bai people. Every household inherited fishing and farming techniques, adhered to the way of life passed down from their ancestors, and preserved the customs of the caravan waterways, traditional Bai crafts, and religious culture.
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